Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng Lanna Tradition

Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng Lanna Tradition is a significant cultural practice of the Lanna people. It involves a ceremonial dance performed to honor and appease ancestral spirits, according to the local beliefs. While this dance bears some resemblance to spirit possession rituals found in other parts of Thailand, it possesses unique characteristics that reflect the culture and beliefs of the Lanna people. The name "Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng" itself reflects the social hierarchy and the roles of spirits within family lineages, where "Phi Mod" refers to the spirits of ancestors descended from the Tai Yai people, and "Phi Meng" refers to ancestral spirits who played important roles in society, such as generals and leaders, who are of Mon descent.

 

This tradition not only demonstrates respect for ancestral spirits but also serves as a ritual that reflects the transmission of culture and the relationships within family lineages. It fosters unity and strength within the community. The significance of this tradition is closely tied to the Lanna way of life, which emphasizes living together peacefully under the protection of ancestral spirits.

 

Origins of the Tradition The tradition of Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng has its roots in the culture of the Mon people who settled in northern Thailand, particularly in areas inhabited by the Lanna people. The term "Meng" in the Lanna language refers to the Mon people, an ethnic group that significantly influenced the culture and traditions of this region. The practice of Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng has thus evolved through a blend of Mon and Lanna cultural elements, passed down through families and communities for many generations.

 

The tradition of Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng has been handed down from generation to generation, with some adaptations made to suit changing times. For example, certain ritual complexities have been simplified, or the dance styles have been modernized to align with contemporary tastes. However, the core principles and beliefs associated with Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng have been steadfastly preserved.

 

Prior to the ceremony, a “Pam” or “Parom” (a ceremonial space) is prepared, with its size depending on the number of family members and participants. The Pam is typically decorated with natural materials, such as coconut leaves, thatch, or banana leaves, to harmonize with the local environment. Additionally, various offerings such as boiled pig’s heads, boiled chickens, alcohol, puffed rice, flowers, incense, candles, sweets, fruits, and attire for the medium are prepared. These items are essential for inviting the ancestral spirits to possess the medium.

 

The tradition is marked by two significant days: “Wan Khao” or “Pao Khao” (News Day), which is the day when family members are informed and invited to gather and prepare for the event, and “Wan Ngan” (Ceremony Day), when the actual ritual takes place. On this day, the spirits are invited to possess the medium, and the dance is performed to honor the ancestral spirits. Each family’s spirit house conducts its ceremony on a different day to allow spirits from various lineages to participate and witness the rituals.

 

Inviting the spirits of Mod and Meng to possess the medium is a crucial step in this tradition. The spirits are invited into the medium through prayers and the use of a white cloth stretched in the center of the Pam, symbolizing the connection between the human world and the spirit world. The possession process for Phi Mod is relatively straightforward; once the prayers are completed, the spirit immediately enters the medium’s body. However, for Phi Meng, the medium must swing the white cloth and spin around to invite the spirit. The spirit first enters the body of the Keo Phi, the lead medium, followed by other family members.

 

Once possessed, the medium rises, selects the attire they prefer, and begins the dance to offer respect to the spirits. The dance is accompanied by traditional Lanna music, such as Piphat (a type of traditional Thai ensemble music), with lively and invigorating rhythms. The medium performs the dance with enthusiasm and authenticity. At times, they may shout “Hiw! Hiw!” to heighten the excitement. Most mediums are women of various ages, from young girls to elderly women. If a man is possessed, he might perform a sword dance as part of the ritual. The dance continues throughout the day, with breaks for offering food to the spirits and sharing meals together at midday.

 

After a full day of dancing, the ritual concludes with a farewell ceremony to send the spirits away. The rhythm of the Piphat music slows down and eventually stops. The mediums walk to the spirit house and chant in a mournful tone, holding a Khan Dok (flower offerings) and a sword. They perform a slow, graceful dance before the spirits depart. Once the ritual is complete, the spirit exits the medium's body, often causing the medium to collapse, signifying the spirit’s departure.

 

The Medium (Maa Khi): The medium, or Maa Khi, acts as the intermediary who invites the ancestral spirits to possess them. Most mediums are women, and this role is traditionally passed down within each family. If a change of medium is required, permission must be sought from the spirits beforehand; the change cannot be made arbitrarily.

 

The Attendant (Kwan): Kwan are attendants responsible for caring for the spirits by preparing food, drinks, and other items needed during the ritual. They are often close to the medium and experienced in conducting the ceremony.

 

Supporters (Kamlang): Kamlang refers to the descendants or relatives within the family who assist in preparing the venue and equipment for the ceremony. They support and manage various aspects of the ritual, including helping with the dance.

 

Today, the tradition of Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng continues to be preserved and passed down through families and communities, with the ceremony held annually. Support from foundations and cultural organizations also encourages youth participation in sustaining this tradition. However, modern lifestyle changes and societal shifts have necessitated some adjustments, such as using digital media to document and disseminate the rituals.

 

The tradition of Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng remains a fascinating aspect of culture and tourism. The dance is showcased as part of cultural tourism activities in northern Thailand. Promoting cultural tourism not only boosts community income but also helps maintain the vibrancy of this tradition.

 

Thai Tradition of Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng is a reflection of respect and deep connection with ancestral spirits, playing a vital role in fostering unity and strong relationships within family lineages and communities. Preserving and adapting the tradition of Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng to align with societal changes is crucial to ensuring that it remains an integral part of Lanna culture in the future. Education and dissemination of knowledge about this tradition will enhance understanding and appreciation of the cultural values embedded in Fon Phi Mod-Phi Meng.